DIN 2093 Material Summary: Common Disc Spring Material Performance Table

1. Overview of Applicable Materials

Disc springs specified in DIN 2093 are primarily manufactured from quenched and tempered spring steel. The standard specifies mechanical property requirements and classifies disc springs into fatigue groups based on different section thicknesses. Material selection must comprehensively consider strength, toughness, fatigue performance, operating temperature, and corrosion resistance.

The following summarizes commonly used and reference disc spring materials for DIN 2093, including standard designations, key mechanical properties, applicable temperature ranges, and typical applications.

2. Material Performance Summary Table

Material Designation (DIN/EN)	Material Number	Common Standard	Tensile Strength $R_m$ (MPa)	0.2% Yield Strength $R_{p0.2}$ (MPa)	Elastic Modulus $E$ (GPa)	Recommended Max Operating Temperature (°C)	Corrosion Resistance	Typical Applications
C75S (1.1248)	Carbon Spring Steel	DIN EN 10132‑4	1400–1700	1200–1400	206	200	Poor, requires coating	General machinery, automotive, low stress
50CrV4 (1.8159)	Chromium-Vanadium Spring Steel	DIN EN 10089	1500–1800	1400–1600	206	250	Poor, requires coating	High-stress disc springs, fatigue-critical parts
51CrMoV4 (1.7701)	Chromium-Molybdenum-Vanadium Spring Steel	EN 10089	1600–1900	1500–1700	206	250	Poor, requires coating	High load, high fatigue life
X10CrNi18‑8 (1.4310)	Austenitic Stainless Steel	DIN EN 10151	1200–1400	900–1100	190	300	Excellent	Chemical, food, medical, corrosion-resistant
X5CrNiMo17‑12‑2 (1.4401)	Austenitic Stainless Steel	DIN EN 10088	1100–1300	800–1000	190	300	Superior	Marine, highly corrosive environments
X39CrMo17‑1 (1.4122)	Martensitic Stainless Steel	DIN EN 10088‑3	1400–1600	1200–1400	215	350	Good	High-strength corrosion-resistant, high temperature
Inconel 718 (2.4668)	Nickel-Based Superalloy	ASTM B637	1300–1500	1100–1200	208	600–700	Superior	Aerospace, turbines, extreme high temperature
Inconel X‑750 (2.4669)	Nickel-Based Superalloy	ASTM B637	1200–1400	900–1050	214	600–700	Superior	High-temperature springs, nuclear power
CuBe2 (2.1247)	Beryllium Copper	DIN EN 1652	1100–1300	800–1000	130	200	Excellent	Non-magnetic, conductive, explosion-proof applications

3. Fatigue Group and Material Relationship

DIN 2093 classifies disc springs into three groups based on section thickness $t$, with different fatigue limit stress amplitudes $\sigma_A$ for each group. This classification applies to the aforementioned quenched and tempered spring steels (e.g., 50CrV4); fatigue limits for stainless steels and superalloys must be referenced from their respective standards or test data.

Fatigue Group	Thickness Range $t$ (mm)	Typical Materials	Knee Point Cycles $N_D$	Allowable Stress Amplitude $\sigma_A$ (MPa)
Group 1	$t \le 1.25$	C75S, 50CrV4, 1.4310	$10^7$	600–800
Group 2	$1.25 < t < 3.0$	50CrV4, 51CrMoV4	$10^6$	400–600
Group 3	$t \ge 3.0$	50CrV4, 51CrMoV4	$2 \times 10^5$	200–400

Note: The above $\sigma_A$ values are reference values after shot peening. Specific values should be based on DIN 2093 standard charts or manufacturer data. Stainless steel disc springs are typically not shot peened or only lightly shot peened, resulting in lower fatigue limits compared to spring steel of the same thickness.

4. Temperature Adaptability Reference

Material	Elastic Modulus Derating Rule	Recommended Long-Term Operating Temperature Limit	Remarks
Carbon Spring Steel (C75S)	$E(T) \approx E_{20}[1 - 2\times10^{-4}(T-20)]$	200°C	Relaxation accelerates above 150°C
Chromium Alloy Spring Steel (50CrV4)	Same as above	250°C	$R_{p0.2}$ decreases at high temperature; derate per temperature
Austenitic Stainless Steel (1.4310)	$E(T) \approx E_{20}[1 - 2.4\times10^{-4}(T-20)]$	300°C	Corrosion-resistant, but lower yield strength
Martensitic Stainless Steel (1.4122)	Similar to spring steel	350°C	Heat treatable, high strength
Nickel-Based Alloy (Inconel 718)	Excellent thermal stability	600°C+	Minimal relaxation, suitable for extreme high temperatures

5. Surface Treatment and Protection

Treatment Method	Applicable Materials	Purpose	Effect on Fatigue
Phosphating + Oiling	Spring steel	Reduce friction, prevent rust	Fatigue limit essentially unchanged or slightly increased (surface improvement)
Shot Peening	Spring steel	Introduce residual compressive stress, improve fatigue strength	Can increase fatigue limit by 20%–40%
Dacromet/Zinc-Nickel Coating	Spring steel	Corrosion resistance	Fatigue maintained if shot peened before coating; excessive coating may reduce it
Passivation	Stainless steel	Enhance corrosion resistance	No effect
Dry Film Lubricant	All	Reduce friction, stabilize hysteresis	No significant effect

6. Material Selection Recommendations

1. Conventional high load, high fatigue: Prefer 50CrV4 or 51CrMoV4, with shot peening.
2. Cost-sensitive, moderate load: C75S, with phosphating and lubrication.
3. Corrosive environment: 1.4310 stainless steel; slightly lower mechanical properties, requiring larger dimensions or derating.
4. High temperature (>300°C): Must use superalloys such as Inconel 718.
5. Non-magnetic or conductive requirements: CuBe2 beryllium copper.
6. Before selection, always obtain the material's guaranteed yield strength $R_{p0.2}$ and fatigue limit data, especially for disc springs used in critical safety components.

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Summary: The materials for DIN 2093 disc springs are primarily chromium alloy spring steels, achieving optimal fatigue performance through heat treatment and shot peening. Stainless steels and superalloys expand the application of disc springs in corrosive and high-temperature fields. During design, select the most economical and reliable material based on operating temperature, load, environment, and life requirements, in conjunction with the material performance table.